Ze, Yi Tomlinson, Max S Readhead, Ben Dudley, Joel T Kullo, Iftikhar J. Thus, therapies aimed at arterial 'de-stiffening' and improving endothelial function (such as aerobic exercise, statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) may improve functional performance in patients with PAD however, further investigations are needed. Exercise considerations in coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular. These studies have provided new insights into (1) the pathophysiology of functional impairment in PAD, (2) mechanisms of strategies known to be effective such as walking programs, and (3) potential new therapeutic interventions for improving functional performance. Peripheral arterial disease affects approximately 1015 of the. Peripheral arterial disease has received less attention than other atherosclerotic diseases, leading to under-diagnosis and under-treatment. Recent studies suggest that measures of arterial function, such as arterial stiffness and endothelial function, are associated with exercise performance in the setting of PAD. As a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis, peripheral arterial disease (PAD) signifies an increased risk of cardiovascular events. We review associations of measures of arterial function (arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction) with functional performance in PAD patients, and also review potential therapies for arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction that could improve functional performance in PAD. Other risk factors for peripheral arterial disease include Conte et al, 2015 Criqui and Aboyans, 2015 Kullo and Rooke, 2016 Morley et al, 2018 Firnhaber and Powell, 2019 : Advanced age. Early-onset peripheral arterial occlusive disease: clinical features and determinants of disease severity and. Evidence suggests outcomes of peripheral arterial disease (such as amputation rates and mortality) are worse in people with diabetes. The severity of atherosclerotic burden, non-invasively assessed by the ankle-brachial index (ABI), does not reliably predict the degree of functional impairment observed in PAD patients. Barretto SN, Ballman KV, Rooke TW, Kullo IJ. The pathophysiology of impaired functional performance in patients with PAD is incompletely understood. Men and postmenopausal women have a similar prevalence of peripheral arterial disease Kullo and Rooke, 2016, although men have a higher prevalence of more severe or symptomatic disease Criqui and Aboyans, 2015. Less common etiologies include inflammatory disorders of the arterial wall (vasculitis) and noninflammatory arteriopathies, such as fibromuscular dysplasia. Family history as a risk factor for peripheral arterial disease. The most common cause of peripheral artery disease (PAD) is atherosclerosis. Functional performance influences quality of life in individuals with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and is also a powerful prognostic marker in these patients. 2014, Khaleghi M, Isseh IN, Bailey KR, Kullo IJ.
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